Labor participation by gender from a multisectoral and regional perspective: The case of the Norte Chico and Patagonia Macro-territories in Chile during the period 2008-2018
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46661/rev.metodoscuant.econ.empresa.10774Keywords:
Gender labour gap, regional and sectoral analysis, employment multiplierAbstract
Studies of labor participation by gender normally consider a single economic sector at the country level. Although this simplification allows obtaining appropriate results for general labor equality policies, this level of aggregation could hide more complex labor dynamics that are verified at the regional level, particularly in countries with great geographic diversity. The objective of this article is to study these dynamics in two macrozones of Chile, known for being underdeveloped areas. As expected, the results suggest that a national policy is not enough to address gender participation, since one type of economic impact has different repercussions depending on the sector and territory being analyzed. Based on this evidence, this work proposes that Local Authorities be the ones who also join National Public Policies for the leveling of labor participation.
Downloads
References
Antonczyk, D., Fitzenberger, B., & Sommerfeld, K. (2010). Rising wage inequality, the decline of collective bargaining, and the gender wage gap. Labour Economics. 17: 835-847 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.008
Biltagy, M. (2019). Gender wage disparities in Egypt: Evidence from ELMPS 2006 and 2012. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. 73: 14-23 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.010
Blau, F.D., & Kahn, L.M. (2017). The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature. 55 (3): 789-865 (https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
Bui, T.M.H., Vo, X.V. & Bui, D.T. (2018). Gender inequality and FDI: empirical evidence from developing Asia–Pacific countries. Eurasian Economic Review. 8: 393–416 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-018-0097-1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-018-0097-1
Busse, M., & Spielmann, C. (2006). Gender Inequality and Trade. Revista de Economía Internacional. 14(3): 362-379 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x
Campos, J.A., & Robles, L. (2019). The employment multiplier in the European hospitality industry: a gender approach, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 31 (1): 105-122 (https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2017-0675). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2017-0675
Cech, E.A. (2013). Ideological Wage Inequalities? The Technical/Social Dualism and the Gender Wage Gap in Engineering, Social Forces. 91(4): 1147-1182 (https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot024
Ciaschini, C., & Maria Chelli, F.M. (2021). Evaluating the impact of violence against women in the macroeconomic Input-Output framework. Economic Systems Research. 33(2): 214-249 (https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1790505). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1790505
De Henau, J. (2022). Simulating employment and fiscal effects of public investment in high-quality universal childcare in the UK. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy. 16(3): 1-27 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-022-00096-y). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-022-00096-y
Domínguez-Villalobos, L., & Brown-Grossman, F. (2010). Trade Liberalization and Gender Wage Inequality in Mexico. Feminist Economics. 16(4): 53-79 (https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530582). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530582
Espi, G., Francis, D., & Valodia, I. (2019). Gender inequality in the South African labour market: Insights from the Employment Equity Act data. Agenda. 33(4): 44–61 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1674675). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1674675
Folke, O., & Rickne, J. (2022). Sexual Harassment and Gender Inequality in the Labor Market. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 137(4): 2163-2212 (https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac018
Gharehgozli, O., & Atal, V. (2020). Revisiting the gender wage gap in the United States. Economic Analysis and Policy. 66: 207-216 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.04.008). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.04.008
Hultin, M., & Szulkin, R. (2003). Mechanisms of Inequality: Unequal Access to Organizational Power and the Gender Wage Gap. European Sociological Review. 19(2): 143-159 (https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/19.2.143). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/19.2.143
OIT. Organización Internacional del Trabajo. La brecha de género en el empleo: ¿Qué está frenando a las mujeres? Consultado el 8 de febrero de 2024: https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#intro.
Ilkkaracan, I., & Kim, K. (2018). The employment generation impact of meeting SDG targets in early childhood care, education, health and long-term care in 45 countries. Documento de debate de la OIT, Ginebra, Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024: https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/ILO_impact_SDG_ECCE_2019_EN.pdf
INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile). (2022). Encuesta Suplementaria de Ingresos (ESI; https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/sociales/ingresos-y-gastos/encuesta-suplementaria-de-ingresos).
Kennedy, T., Rae, M., Sheridan, A., & Valadkhani, A. (2017). Reducing gender wage inequality increases economic prosperity for all: Insights from Australia. Economic Analysis and Policy. 55: 14-24 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.003
Kim, K., Ilkkaracan, I., & Kaya, T. (2019). Public investment in care services in Turkey: Promoting employment & gender inclusive growth. Journal of Policy Modeling. 41: 1210-1229 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.05.002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.05.002
Klasen, S. (2018). The Impact of Gender Inequality on Economic Performance in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Resource Economics. 10: 279-298 (https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023429). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023429
Klasen, S. (2020). From ‘MeToo’ to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world. World Development. 128: 104862 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104862). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104862
Leontief, W. (1963). La estructura del desarrollo. Scientific American. 209(3): 148-166 (https://doi.10.1038/scientificamerican0963-52). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0963-148
Matteazzi, E., Pailhé, A., & Solaz, A. (2018). Part-time employment, the gender wage gap and the role of wage-setting institutions: Evidence from 11 European countries. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 24(3): 221-241 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680117738857). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680117738857
Mainardi, G.M., Flores Cassenote, A.J., Alves Guilloux, A.J., Miotto, B.A., & Scheffer, M.C. (2019). What explains wage differences between male and female Brazilian physicians? A cross-sectional nationwide study. BMJ Open, 9. e023811 (https:// doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023811). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023811
Marangoni, G., & Rossignoli, D. (2016). Richard stone’s contribution to input-output analysis. Cahiers d'économie Politique. 2(71): 219-239 (https://doi.org/10.3917/cep.071.0219). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/cep.071.0219
Miller, R.E., & P. D. Blair. (2022). Input-Output Analysis: foundations and extensions. Third edition, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676212
Mosomi, J. (2019). An empirical analysis of trends in female labour force participation and the gender wage gap in South Africa. Agenda. 33(4): 29-43 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1656090). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1656090
Muñoz Cidad, C., B. Iráizoz & M. Rapún. (2008). Las cuentas de la nación. 3a. ed., Editorila Cívitas.
Nikulin, D., & Wolszczak-Derlacz, J. (2022). GVC involvement and the gender wage gap: micro-evidence on DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2022.10.002
European countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 63(december): 268-282 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2022.10.002).
OCDE. (2016). Mujeres, gobierno y formulación de políticas en los países de la OCDE. OECD Publishing, París (https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264256613-es).
OCDE. (2021). Igualdad de género en Chile: Hacia una mejor distribución del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado. OECD Publishing, París (https://doi.org/10.1787/c7105c4d-es).
OCDE. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. Consultado el 12 de septiembre de 2024: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf.
Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. (2008). Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross‐Country Analysis of Gender Gaps. Journal of Labor Economics. 26(4): 621-654 (https://doi.org/10.1086/589458). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/589458
Onaran, Ö., Oyvat, C., & Fotopoulou, E. (2019). The effects of gender inequality, wages, wealth concentration and fiscal policy on macroeconomic performance. Greenwich Papers in Political Economy, Universidad de Greenwich (http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/24018).
PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo). (2019). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019: Más allá de los ingresos, más allá de los promedios, más allá de hoy. Desigualdades en el desarrollo humano en el siglo XXI. Nueva York (https://mapa.do.undp.org/files/publications/Informe%20sobre%20Desarrollo%20Humano%202019.pdf)
Perugini, C. & Vladisavljević, M. (2019). Gender inequality and the gender-job satisfaction paradox in Europe. Labour Economics. 60: 129-147 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.06.006). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.06.006
Ponthieux, S., y Meurs, D. (2015). Gender Inequality. En A.B. Atkinson, & F. Bourguignon (Eds.), Handbook of Income Distribution. 2: 981-1146. Elsevier (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59428-0.00013-8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59428-0.00013-8
Santos Silva, M. & Klasen, S. (2021). Gender inequality as a barrier to economic growth: a review of the theoretical literature. Review of Economics of the Household. 19: 581-614 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09535-6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09535-6
Schober, T. & Winter-Ember, R. (2011). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth. World Development. 39(8): 1476-1484. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.002). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.001
Seguino, S. (1997). Gender wage inequality and export-led growth in South Korea. Journal of Development Studies. 34(2): 102-132. (https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389708422513). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389708422513
SII (Servicio de Impuestos Internos de Chile). (2022). Estadísticas de Empresa. Estadísticas de Empresas por Comuna y Rubro Económico. Obtenido el 1 de junio de 2022, del sitio Web: https://www.sii.cl//sobre_el_sii/estadisticas_de_empresas.html.
S
oza-Amigo, S., Parada, J., & Colther, C. (2023). Conmutación en Chile durante el periodo 2010- 2019. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande. 85: 1-24 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022023000200112). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022023000200112
Soza-Amigo, S., F. Fuders & Aroca, P. (2021). La importancia del sector minero para el desarrollo de la economía chilena: la evolución de sus campos de influencia. El trimestre económico. 88(351): 831-872 (https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v88i351.1216) DOI: https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v88i351.1216
World Bank Group. (2019). Women, Business and the Law 2019. Washington, D.C., Banco Mundial. (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/702301554216687135-0050022019/original/WBLDECADEOFREFORM2019WEB0401.pdf). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/31327
Zuñiga-Jara, S., S. Soza-Amigo & K. Soria-Barrueto. (2015). Dinámica del Emprendimiento y el desempleo en la Patagonia Chilena. 43(1): 103- 115 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292016000100007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22442015000100007
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sergio Soza-Amigo, Daniel May
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submission of manuscripts implies that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and that, in case of acceptance, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the Journal for its publication and dissemination. Authors retain the authors' right to use and share the article according to a personal or instutional use or scholarly sharing purposes; in addition, they retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights (including research data).
All the articles are published in the Journal under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike). It is allowed a commercial use of the work (always including the author attribution) and other derivative works, which must be released under the same license as the original work.
Up to Volume 21, this Journal has been licensing the articles under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 3.0 ES. Starting from Volume 22, the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 4.0 is used.
