Graph-Based Models: An Application to the Study of Cruise Passengers' Expenditure in Uruguay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2890Keywords:
modelos de grafos, gasto de los turistas, cruceros, Uruguay, graph-based models, tourists' expenditure, cruiseAbstract
This paper introduces the use of graphs in the analysis of the determinants of tourists' expenditure, providing an alternative approach to the methods usually employed. Graph-based analysis is applied to study the behavior of cruise passengers arriving at the ports of Montevideo and Punta del Este in Uruguay. The graphical representation allows to synthesize and visualize the relationships between the set of variables that characterize tourists or tourist groups and the determinants of their level of spending. The graph-based methodology is particularly suitable to represent the dependency relationships among variables (between adjacent nodes) and conditional independence (between non-adjacent nodes). For the empirical application, individual data from the surveys of cruise passengers corresponding to the cruise season between November 2014 and April 2015 in Uruguay are considered. The existence of dependencies between spending variables and other variables that may be of interest (sociodemographic, contextual, etc.) is studied. The exercise shows that the variables that better explain visitors' behavior are linked to the port of disembarkation and the expenditure. The results also show that socioeconomic variables are not directly linked to spending.
Downloads
References
Abbruzzo, A.; Brida, J.G. & Scuderi, R. (2014): “Determinants of individual tourist expenditure as a network: Empirical findings from Uruguay”. Tourism Management, 43, 36–45.
Brida, J.G.; Bukstein, D.; Garrido, N.; Tealde, E. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2010): “Cruise passengers expenditure in the Caribbean port of call Cartagena de Indias: A cross-section data analysis”. Estudios y Perspectivas de Turismo, 19, 607–634.
Brida, J.G.; Bukstein, D. & Tealde, E. (2013): “Exploring cruise ship passenger spending patterns in two Uruguayan ports of call”. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(7), 684–700.
Brida, J.G.; Fasone, V.; Scuderi, R. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2014a): “ClustOfVar and the segmentation of cruise passengers from mixed data: Some managerial implications”. Knowledge-Based Systems 70: 128–136.
Brida, J.G.; Garrido, N. & Such Devesa, M.J. (2012a): “Cruise passengers satisfaction: Cartagena de Indias”. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19(1), 55–69.
Brida, J.G.; Pulina, M.; Riaño, E. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2012b): “Cruise passenger’s experience embarking in a Caribbean Home Port.” Ocean and Coastal Management, 55, 135–145.
Brida, J.G. & Scuderi, R. (2013): “Determinants of tourist expenditure: A review of microeconometric models”. Tourism Management Perspectives, 6, 28–40.
Brida, J.G.;Scuderi, R. & Seijas, M.N. (2014b): “Segmenting cruise passengers visiting Uruguay: A factor-cluster analysis”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 209–222.
Brida, J.G. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2010): “Cruise tourism: economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts”. International Journal Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1 (3), 205–226.
Cameron, A.C. & Trivedi, P.K. (2005): Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chow, C. & Liu, C. (1968): “Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees”. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 14(3), 462–467.
Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (1998): “Economic significance of cruise tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (2), 393–415.
Edwards, D. (2000): Introduction to graphical modeling. New York: Springer.
Edwards, D.; de Abreu, G.C.G. & Labouriau, R. (2010): “Selecting high-dimensional mixed graphical models using minimal AIC or BIC forests”. BMC Bioinformatics, 11(18), 13 pp.
FCCA (2016): Cruise Industry Overview 2016. Pembroke Pines: Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association. Disponible en http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2016-FCCA-Cruise-Industry-Overview-Cruises-Statistics.pdf .
Foygel, R. & Drton, M. (2010): “Extended Bayesian Information Criteria for Gaussian Graphical Models”. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 23, 2020–2028.
Frydenberg, M. & Steffen, L.L. (1989): “Decomposition of maximum likelihood in mixed graphical interaction models”. Biometrika, 76(3), 539–555.
Henthorne, T.L. (2000): “An Analysis of Expenditures by Cruise Ship Passengers in Jamaica”. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 246–250.
Hojsgaard, S.; Edwards, D. & Lauritzen, S. (2012): Graphical models with R. New York: Springer Verlag.
Jackson, M. (2008): Social and Economic Networks. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Kang, H.J.; Kim, K. & Kim, J.H. (1997): “Optimal approximation of discrete probability distribution with kth-order dependency and its application to combining multiple classifiers”. Pattern Recognition Letters, 18(6), 515–523.
Kruskal, J. (1956): “On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem”. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 7(1), 48–50.
Lauritzen, S.L. (1992): “Propagation of probabilities, means, and variances in mixed graphical association models”. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(420), 1098–1108.
Lauritzen, S.L. (1996): Graphical models . Oxford Statistical Science Series Vol. 17. New York: Oxford University Press.
MINTUR (2015): Temporada de Cruceros 2104-2015. Montevideo: Ministerio de Turismo de Uruguay. Disponible en: http://mintur.gub.uy/index.php/component/jdownloads/summary/11-turismo-de-cruceros/37-2014-2015 .
MINTUR (2016): Anuario de Turismo 2015. Montevideo: Área de Investigación y Estadísticas. Ministerio de Turismo de Uruguay.
Morrison, A.M.; Chunghui, C.; O’Leary, J.T. & Nadkarni, N. (1996): “Comparative profiles of travelers on cruises and land-based resort vacations”. Journal of Tourism Studies, 7(2), 15–27.
Risso, W.A. (2012): “El gasto de los cruceristas en Uruguay 2008–2010”. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio, 10 (3), 393–406.
Seidl, A.; Guiliano, F. & Pratt, L. (2006): “Cruise tourism and community economic development in Central America and the Caribbean: The case of Costa Rica”. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 4 (2), 213–224.
Seidl, A.; Guiliano, F. & Pratt, L. (2007): “Cruising for colones: cruise tourism economics in Costa Rica”. Tourism Economics, 13(1), 67–85.
Wang, Y. & Davidson, M. (2010): “A review of micro-analyses of tourist expenditure”. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(6), 507–524.
Whittaker, J. (1990): Graphical models in applied multivariate statistics. New York: Wiley.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submission of manuscripts implies that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and that, in case of acceptance, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the Journal for its publication and dissemination. Authors retain the authors' right to use and share the article according to a personal or instutional use or scholarly sharing purposes; in addition, they retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights (including research data).
All the articles are published in the Journal under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike). It is allowed a commercial use of the work (always including the author attribution) and other derivative works, which must be released under the same license as the original work.
Up to Volume 21, this Journal has been licensing the articles under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 3.0 ES. Starting from Volume 22, the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 4.0 is used.
