Dinámica de los régimenes alimentarios
Palabras clave:
regímenes alimentarios, régimen alimentario corporativo, soberanía alimentaria, agroecologíaResumen
El concepto de "régimen alimentario" distingue los períodos sucesivos de hegemonía económica mundial global a través de las lentes del aprovisionamiento de alimentos a escala mundial. El régimen alimentario de finales del siglo XIX centrado en el imperio británico que abastecía a Europa con cereales y carne del Nuevo Mundo, fue seguido por el sistema centrado en Estados Unidos que abastecía con exportaciones de alimentos baratos a los países recién independizados del Tercer Mundo, subvencionando así el desarrollo de sus sectores industriales. Con el subsiguiente ascenso de las corporaciones multinacionales y la banca global, el régimen alimentario "corporativo" reorganizó la economía mundial en torno a las cadenas globales de suministro de alimentos que encarnan el principio de la "ventaja comparativa". Cada período se basó en los desarrollos económicos mundiales anteriores para establecer un sistema alimentario plenamente mundial. El momento actual está experimentando dos desarrollos significativos: (1) el ascenso de China como un participante sustancial en el sistema alimentario mundial a través de su "Food Silk Road Initiative", mediante la cual ha establecido su propio sistema de empresas estatales y rutas comerciales para convertirse en el mayor importador de alimentos del mundo; y (2) la reciente "captura corporativa" de las Naciones Unidas por parte del World Economic Forum (WEF) a través de la Cumbre del Sistema Alimentario de las Naciones Unidas de 2021. Este proceso se lleva a cabo mediante la sustitución del diálogo intergubernamental (multilateral) en el Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial de las Naciones Unidas por una gobernanza "multi-stakeholder", privilegiando las decisiones privadas en la intensificación de la agricultura industrial (y ahora digitalizada) en un proceso de "desterritorialización" de la agricultura. La reciente pandemia reveló la fragilidad de las cadenas de suministro globales, revelando (y mejorando) el saber hacer de los métodos agroecológicos, tanto en la regeneración de los procesos naturales para combatir la emergencia climática como en la garantía de la soberanía alimentaria territorial, encarnada en la vitalidad de los mercados agroalimentarios "anidados".
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