Migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Greece in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13128/ccselap-12297Palavras-chave:
migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, health, COVID-19, GreeceResumo
COVID-19 cases detected in accommodation centers in mainland Greece, while thousands of asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants are living under unsafe and degrading conditions at the camps on the Aegean islands and others in the mainland. They live mostly in overcrowded Reception and Identification Centers (RICs) and accommodation centers under deplorable conditions, the lack of proper shelter, the extremely unhygienic living conditions. Migrants, asylum seekers and refugees living in the RICs faced multiple challenges and vulnerabilities that must be considered when responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Downloads
Referências
Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020a). Statistical Data of the Greek Asylum Service (from 07.06.2013 to 29/02/2020). Athens: Asylum Service/Minis-try of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from http://asylo.gov.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2020/03Greek_Asylum_Service_data_February_2020_en.pdf
Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020b). Suspension of asylum applica-tions. Athens: Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum. (in Greek) Athens: Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from http://asylo.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/pnp-anastolh-ths-ypovolis-aithseon-asylou.pdf
Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020c). Important notice of the Asylum Service- Reception and service of the publicis suspended. (in Greek) Athens: Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from http://asylo.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ-ΑΝΑΣΤΟΛΗΣ-ΥΠΟΔΟΧΗΣ-ΚΑΙ-ΕΞΥΠΗΡΕΤΗΣΗΣ-ΚΟΙΝΟΥ-ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ-13-3-2020-1.pdf
Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020d). The suspension of reception and public service by the Asylum Service is extended until May 15. (in Greek) Athens: Asylum Service/Ministry of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from http://asylo.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Greek-Announcement-April-10_ΜΚ1.pdf
Athens-Macedonian News Agency (ANA-MPA) (2020a). Roma infected with coronavi-rus moved to rehab center in Larissa. Athens-Macedonian News Agency.Retrieved from https://www.amna.gr/en/article/449008/Roma-infected-with-coronavirus-mo-ved-to-rehab-center-in-Larissa
Athens-Macedonian News Agency (ANA-MPA) (2020b). Two migrants with Covid-19 in qua-rantine at Lesvos refugee facility, Migration Ministry confirms.Athens-Macedonian News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.amna.gr/en/article/457131/Two-migrants-wi-th-Covid-19-in-quarantine-at-Lesvos-refugee-facility--Migration-Ministry-confirms
Athens-Macedonian News Agency (ANA-MPA) (2020c). Three cases of coronavirus in Kranidi - Restriction of movement in the structure. (in Greek)Athens-Macedonian News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.amna.gr/home/article/460743/Tria-krous-mata-koronoiou-sto-Kranidi---Periorismos-tis-kukloforias-sti-domi-
Athens-Macedonian News Agency (ANA-MPA) (2020d). The Minister of Miigration and Asylum, N. Mitarakis, will visit Lesvos today. (in Greek)Athens-Macedonian News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.amna.gr/ota/article/454403/Sti-Lesbo-metabai-nei-simera-o-up-Metanasteusis-kai-Asulou--N-Mitarakis
Athens-Macedonian News Agency (ANA-MPA) (2020e). COVID-19 incident at VIAL hotspot on Chios. Retrieved from https://www.amna.gr/en/article/480536/COVID-19-incident-at-VIAL-hotspot-on-Chios-
ERT.GR (2020a). Mytilene: 17 refugees and migrants positive for coronavirus – Quarantined (in Greek) Retrieved from https://www.ert.gr/eidiseis/ellada/kinonia/mytilini-theti-koi-ston-koronoio-17-prosfyges-kai-metanastes-tethikan-se-karantina/
ERT.GR (2020b). All new measures to curb the coronavirus in effect from Monday. 16/08/2020 (in Greek). Retrieved from https://www.ert.gr/eidiseis/ellada/kinonia/koronoios-nea-metra-anakoinose-o-n-chardalias-2/
Ethnos (2020). Kilkis: Positive case of coronavirus in migrant structure - Quarantine throughout the camp. (in Greek)Ethnos. Retrieved from https://www.ethnos.gr/ellada/108868_kilkis-thetiko-kroysma-koronoioy-se-domi-metanaston-se-karanti-na-olo-kamp
European Migration Network (EMN)/European Commission (2020). Special Annex to the 30th EMN Bulletin EU Member States & Norway: responses to COVID-19 in the migration and asylum area January – March 2020. Brussels: European Migra-tion Network (EMN)/European Commission.Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/00_eu_30_emn_bulletin_annex_covid_19.pdf
Fouskas, T. (2016). Repercussions of Precarious, Low-Status Work Regarding Access to Healthcare Services by Immigrant Workers in Greece: Seasonal Flu or an Incurable Disease? In J. Jaworski (Ed.), Advances in Sociology Research. Volume 18. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 13-74.
Fouskas, T. (2017). EU societies divided in unity? The changing influx of asylum seekers in 2014-2016 in Greece and the EU Member States’ societies disunity due to the impact of the migration and refugee crisis, European Politeia, 5(1-2), 123-169.
Fouskas, T. (2018). Precarious employment repercussions on migrants’ perceptions regar-ding healthcare. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 11(3), 298-311
Fouskas, T. (2019). “Unravelling solidarity and hostility: Mobilizations concerning migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in anti-migrant times in Greece”, in Rea, A., Martiniello, M., Mazzola, A., and Meuleman, B. (Eds.), The Refugee Reception Crisis in Europe: Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations. Brussels: Éditions de l’ Université de Bruxelles, pp.121-143.
Fouskas, T., Gikopoulou, P., Ioannidi, E. and Koulierakis, G. (2019). Health inequalities and female migrant domestic workers: Accessing healthcare as a human right and barriers due to precarious employment in Greece. Collectivus: Special Issue Migra-tions and gender from a transnational perspective, 6(2), 71-90.
Fouskas, T., Sidiropoulos, S. and Vozikis, A. (2019). Leaving no one out? Public health aspects of migration: Health risks, responses and accessibility by asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in Greece. International Journal of Health Research and Inno-vation, 7(1), 13-28.
GOV.GR (2020a). Limit of 50 people for all public and social events. D1a/G.P. 51360/14-08-2020 (GG Β’ 3429) (in Greek). Retrieved from https://covid19.gov.gr/orio-50-ato-mon-gia-oles-tis-dimosies-ke-kinonikes-ekdilosis/
GOV.GR (2020b). Special measures for epidemiologically affected areas. D1a/G.P. 51360/14-08-2020 (GG Β’ 3429) (in Greek). Retrieved from https://covid19.gov.gr/idika-me-tra-gia-tis-epidimiologika-epivarymenes-perioches/
GOV.GR (2020c). Mandatory use of masks in places of high coloration, inside camps and in social solidarity structures and places of accommodation of refugees and migrants. D1a/G.P. 51360/14-08-2020 (GG Β’ 3429) (in Greek). Retrieved from https://covid19.gov.gr/ypochreotiki-chrisi-maskas-se-chorous-ypsilou-sygchrotismou-entos-strato-pedon-ke-se-domes-kinonikis-allilengyis-ke-chorous-filoxenias-prosfygon-ke-meta-naston/GOV.GR (2020d). Preventive measures to avoid the spread of coronavirus disease in Recep-tion and Identification Centers and Third Country Nationals’ Accommodation centers (in Greek). Retrieved from https://covid19.gov.gr/proliptika-metra-gia-tin-apofy-gi-tis-diasporas-tou-koronoiou-se-kentra-ypodochis-ke-taftopiisis-ke-domes-filoxe-nias-politon-triton-choron/
Government Gazette (2020). Ministerial Decision B 1086/30.03.2020: Extension of validity of residence permits and residence and permanent residence cards, issued pursuant to Law 4251/2014 (A 80) and P.D. 106/2007 (A 135), as well as the certificates of sub-mission of application of articles 8 and 9 of law 4251/2014 and the special certificates of legal residence of article 25 of L. 4251/2014. (in Greek) Athens: National Printing House. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/31tkmsj
IN.GR (2020a). Coronavirus: Businesses closed in Attica from 12am - All new gover-nment measures, In.GR, 14/08/2020 (in Greek). Retrieved from https://www.in.gr/2020/08/14/greece/koronaios-live-anakoinosi-neon-metron-apo-ton-niko-xarda-lia/
IN.GR. (2020b). Refugee: Traffic ban continues in accomodation structures due to να coro-na virus. In.GR, (in Greek). Retrieved fromhttps://www.in.gr/2020/07/19/greece/prosfygiko-synexizetai-apagoreysi-kykloforias-stis-domes-filoksenias-logo-koronaiou/
IOM Office in Greece (2020a). IOM announcement on positive COVID 19 case in the tem-porary facility in Porto Heli. Athens: IOM Office in Greece. Retrieved from https://greece.iom.int/en/news/iom-announcement-positive-covid-19-case-temporary-faci-lity-porto-heli
IOM Office in Greece (2020b). IOM Responding to New COVID-19 Outbreak in Greece. Press Release. Athens: IOM Office in GreeceRetrieved from https://www.iom.int/news/iom-responding-new-covid-19-outbreak-greece
Jalbout, M. (2020). Finding solutions to Greece’s refugee education crisis. London: TheirWorld. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/RefugeeEducation-Report-240420-2.pdf
Kathimerini (2019m). Oxfam report details inhumane conditions at Greek migrant camps. Kathimerini Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/236377/article/ekathime-rini/news/oxfam-report-details-inhumane-conditions-at-greek-migrant-camps
Kathimerini (2020a). Fire destroys warehouse at Lesvos migrant center. Kathimerini. Retrie-ved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/250368/article/ekathimerini/news/fire-des-troys-warehouse-at-lesvos-migrant-center
Kathimerini (2020b). Fires erupt amid unrest at Samos migrant camp. Kathimerini (in Greek). Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/252108/article/ekathimerini/in-images/fires-erupt-amid-unrest-at-samos-migrant-camp
Kathimerini (2020c). More than 26,000 prevented attempts to enter the country. Kathime-rini. Retrieved from https://www.kathimerini.gr/1067403/article/epikairothta/ellada/panw-apo-26000-oi-apotrapeises-prospa8eies-eisodoy-sth-xwra
Kathimerini (2020d). Ritsona refugee camp quarantined after 20 test positive for Covid-19. Kathimerini. Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/251258/article/ekathi-merini/news/ritsona-refugee-camp-quarantined-after-20-test-positive-for-covid-19
Kathimerini (2020e). EODY unit in the accommodation center in Malakasa after a coro-navirus case (in Greek).Kathimerini. Retrieved from https://www.kathimerini.gr/1072471/article/epikairothta/ellada/klimakio-toy-eody-sthn-domh-filo3enias-sth-malakasa-meta-apo-kroysma-korwnoioy
Kathimerini (2020f ). All five third-country nationals who “broke” the quarantine in the Malakassa structure were arrested (in Greek).Kathimerini. Retrieved from https://www.kathimerini.gr/1075324/article/epikairothta/ellada/synelhf8hsan-kai-oi-pen-te-allodapoi-poy-espasan-thn-karantina-sth-domh-malakasas
Kathimerini (2020g). 150 people test positive for Covid-19 at Kranidi refugee facility. Kathi-merini. Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/251872/article/ekathimerini/news/150-people-test-positive-for-covid-19-at-kranidi-refugee-facility
Kathimerini (2020h). Fires erupt amid unrest at Samos migrant camp. Kathimerini. Retrie-ved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/252108/article/ekathimerini/in-images/fires-erupt-amid-unrest-at-samos-migrant-camp
Kathimerini (2020i). Health, migration ministers discuss measures for migrant camps. Kathimerini. Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/251908/article/ekathi-merini/news/health-migration-ministers-discuss-measures-for-migrant-camps
Kathimerini (2020j). Three cases of coronavirus in foreigners who were rescued off Lesvos. Kathimerini (in Greek).Retrieved from https://www.kathimerini.gr/1084913/article/epikairothta/ellada/tria-kroysmata-korwnoioy-se-allodapoys-poy-diasw8hkan-anoix-ta-ths-lesvoy
Kathimerini (2020k). Migrant camps on islands put on lockdown. Kathimerini Retrieved from https://www.ekathimerini.com/250739/article/ekathimerini/news/migrant-camps-on-islands-put-on-lockdown
Kathimerini (2020l). Entrance, exit with cards in closed structures. Kathimerini (in Greek)Retrieved from https://www.kathimerini.gr/1073748/article/epikairothta/ellada/eiso-dos-e3odos-me-kartes-se-kleistes-domes
Mazzola, A. and Martiniello, M. (2020). How Covid-19 breaks down solidarity with migrants, The Conversation, Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/how-co-vid-19-breaks-down-solidarity-with-migrants-135355
Medicines sans Frontiers (MSF) (2017a). A Dramatic Deterioration for Asylum Seekers on Lesbos. Athens: MSF. Retrieved from https://msf.gr/sites/default/files/msfpublica-tions//msf_report_vulnerable_lesvos_en.pdf
Medicines sans Frontiers (MSF) (2017b). Confronting the mental health emergency on Samos and Lesvos: Why the containment of asylum seekers on the Greek islands must end. Athens: MSF. Retrieved from https://msf.gr/sites/default/files/msfpublica-tions//2017_10_mental_health_greece_report_lowres_spreads.pdf
Ministry of Citizen Protection National Coordination Center for Border Control, Immi-gration and Asylum (NCCBCIA) (2020). National Situational Picture Regar-ding the Islands at Eastern Aegean Sea (4/8/2020). Athens: NCCBCIA. Retrieved from https://infocrisis.gov.gr/9909/national-situational-picture-regarding-the-is-lands-at-eastern-aegean-sea-4-8-2020/?lang=en
Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020a). Interview of the Minister of Migration and Asylum, Notis Mitarakis, in the tv show “Morning Men” and the journalists, Nikos Rogakos and Panagiotis Stathis (in Greek). Athens: Ministry of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from https://migration.gov.gr/synenteyxi-toy-ypoyrgoy-metanas-teysis-kai-asyloy-noti-mitaraki-stin-ekpompi-proinoi-typoi-kai-toys-dimosiografo-ys-niko-rogkako-kai-panagioti-stathi/
Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020b). Operation of Outpatient Clinics in KYT Chios. (in Greek). Athens: Ministry of Migration and Asylum. Retrieved from https://migration.gov.gr/leitoyrgia-exoterikon-iatreion-se-kyt-chioy-protovoylia-panteli-vro-yli/
Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020c). Extension of movement restriction measures in RICs and accomodation structures of the country - Extension of sanitary exclusion of the RIC in Evros. (in Greek). Retrieved from https://migration.gov.gr/paratasi-me-tron-fylakioy-evroy/
Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2020d). RIC of VIAL in Chios under Quarantine until 25th August. (in Greek). Retrieved from https://migration.gov.gr/ygeionomi-kos-apokleismos-karantina-toy-kyt-tis-vial-sti-chio-eos-tis-25-aygoystoy/?fbcli-d=IwAR1GbptMCsx8Z2iFj8TWNgYAYN_a3zj_6iUvrEPEpfvE9Ud1Fp94vcuuF2E
Mitarakis, N. (2020). Speech by the Minister of Migration and Asylum, Member of Par-liament for Chios, Notis Mitarakis, during the discussion of Current Queries in the Hellenic Parliament. (in Greek) Retrieved from https://www.mitarakis.gr/gov/migra-tion/6115-dt-yma-vouli-epikairi-erwtisi
Mølbak, K., Vestergaard, L. Nielsen, Bang, H. and Krause, T., 2020/EuroMOMO Project Hub (2020). Excess mortality. Copenhagen: Statens Serum Institut. Retrieved from https://euromomo.eu/graphs-and-maps#excess-mortality
Naftemporiki (2020). TRAINOSE: Clarifications for an incident with a 48-year-old passen-ger from Cameroon. Naftemporiki (in Greek) Retrieved from https://m.naftemporiki.gr/story/1625887
National Public Health Organisation (NPHO/EODY) (2020a). Update of accredited health journalists by the Crisis Management and Civil Protection Minister Nikos Hardalias and the representative of the Ministry of Health for the new coronavirus, Professor Soti-ris Tsiodras April 1, 2020 (in Greek). Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from: https://eody.gov.gr/dienergeia-elegchoy-gia-sars-cov-2-sto-kfpm-ritsonas-kai-ichnilatisi-epafon-apo-to-prosopiko-toy-eody/ and https://eody.gov.gr/enimerosi-diapisteymenon-syntak-ton-ygeias-apo-ton-yfypoyrgo-politikis-prostasias-kai-diacheirisis-kriseon-niko-char-dalia-kai-ton-ekprosopo-toy-ypoyrgeioy-ygeias-gia-to-neo-koronoio-kathigiti-sotir-5/
National Public Health Organisation (NPHO/EODY) (2020b). Update of accredited heal-th journalists by the Crisis Management and Civil Protection Minister Nikos Harda-lias and the representative of the Ministry of Health for the new coronavirus, Profes-sor Sotiris Tsiodras April 5, 2020 (in Greek). Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from: https://eody.gov.gr/klimakio-toy-eody-sto-kfpm-malakasas-gia-tin-ygeionomiki-prosta-sia-prosopikoy-kai-filoxenoymenon/
National Public Health Organisation (NPHO/EODY) (2020c). Update of accredited heal-th journalists by the Crisis Management and Civil Protection Minister Nikos Harda-lias and the representative of the Ministry of Health for the new coronavirus, Professor Sotiris Tsiodras April 21, 2020 (in Greek). Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from: https://eody.gov.gr/0421_briefing_covid19/
National Public Health Organisation (NPHO/EODY) (2020d). Update of accredited heal-th journalists by the Crisis Management and Civil Protection Minister Nikos Harda-lias and the representative of the Ministry of Health for the new coronavirus, Profes-sor Sotiris Tsiodras May 14, 2020(in Greek). Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from: https://eody.gov.gr/0514_briefing_covid19/
National Public Health Organization (NPHO/EODY) (2020a). Current state of Covid-19 outbreak in Greece and timeline of key containment events. Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from https://eody.gov.gr/en/current-state-of-covid-19-outbreak-in-greece-and-time-line-of-key-containment-events/
National Public Health Organization (NPHO/EODY) (2020b). Daily report of epidemio-logical surveillance of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) (in Greek). Athens: NPHO. Retrieved from https://eody.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/covid-gr-daily-report-20200808.pdf
Oxfam (2019). Vulnerable and abandoned. Retrieved from https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/file_attachments/2019-01_greece_media_brie-fing_final.pdf
Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. and Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3grWuK9
Sto Nisi (2020). Two more others with coronavirus (in Greek). Retrieved from https://sto-nisi.gr/post/10694/alloi-dyo-me-koronoio
Ta Nea (2020a). The shops in Attica and Argosaronikos close at midnight. 16/08/2020 (in Greek). Retrieved from https://www.tanea.gr/2020/08/14/greece/koronaios-live-i-anakoinosi-neon-metron-apo-ton-niko-xardalia/
Ta Nea (2020b). Arrest of 42-year-old for racist posting – “Wanted Dear or Alive”, Ta Nea (in Greek), Retrieved from https://www.tanea.gr/2020/08/13/greece/syllipsi-42xro-nou-gia-ratsistiki-anartisi-katazitountai-zontanoi-i-nekroi/ To Vima (2020a). Civil protection authority: Kranidi quarantined after 150 migrants test positive for COVID-19. To Vima Retrieved from https://www.tovima.gr/2020/04/21/english-edition/civil-protection-underminister-kranidi-quarantined-after-150-mi-grants-test-positive-for-covid-19/
To Vima (2020b). Koronovirus: In a quarantine hotel in Thessaloniki after a case.To Vima(in Greek) Retrieved from https://www.tovima.gr/2020/08/08/society/koro-noios-se-karantina-ksenodoxeio-sti-thessaloniki-meta-apo-krousma/
To Vima (2020c). Coronavirus: Lock down at midnight and in the businesses of Attica - All new measures. To Vima, 14/08/2020 (in Greek). Retrieved from https://www.tovima.gr/2020/08/14/society/koronoios-anakoinoseis-xardalia-gia-ta-nea-metra/
Veizis, A. (2020). “Leave No One Behind” and Access to Protection in the Greek Islands in the COVID‐19 Era. International Migration, doi:10.1111/imig.12721
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-72. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/hand-le/10665/331685/nCoVsitrep01Apr2020-eng.pdf
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2020 Theodoros Fouskas
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Esta licença permite que terceiros partilhem (copiem e redistribuam o material em qualquer meio ou formato) e adaptem (remisturem, transformem e criem a partir do material para qualquer fim, incluindo comercial), desde que a autoria e a primeira publicação nesta revista (A Revista, DOI do trabalho) sejam reconhecidas, seja fornecida uma hiperligação para a licença e seja indicado se foram feitas alterações ao trabalho.
