Cave rituals associated to Artemis/Diana in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (7th century BC – 5th century AD)
Keywords:
Artemis, Diana, religion, cave, liminal, ritual, women, AntiquityAbstract
Artemis/Diana is a Greco-Roman divinity linked to nature, the wild, women and the liminal that does not adapt to classical civic norms. Due to this, in the mythical narratives and in the ritual practices, this goddess is associated with the nature of the cave, a topography far from the civilized, where are located entrances to underworld and human contact with the supernatural and the femenine fecundity. In this article I intend to analyze in detailthe symbolic figure of the goddess Artemis/Diana, as well as her cult linked to caves, paying special attention to female cults. This is due to the fact that, from a gender perspective, women in ancient times, whether they were divinities, faithful or priestesses in the Greco-Roman religion, have been victims of a long invisibility as an active religious subject by traditional historiography.
Downloads
References
ALFAYÉ VILLA, S. (2009): Santuarios y rituales en la Hispania Céltica, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407304465
ANGLIKER, E. (2021): "Cult and ritual in Cycladic caves", en: S. KATSAROU y A. NAGEL (eds.), Cave and Worship in Ancient Greece. New perspectives in Landscape and Ritual, Londres, Routledge, pp.188-213.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015765-9
ARIAS CABAL, P. y ONTAÑÓN PEREDO, R. (2012): "La Gama (Spain): long-term human activity in a karst system", en: K.A. BERGSVIK y R. SKEATES (eds.), Caves in Context. The cultural significance of Caves and Rock-Shelters in Europe, Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 101-117.https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1djk4.12
BONAVIDES MATEOS, E. (1996): "Artemis/Diana o el enigma de los límites", Acta Poetica (17), pp. 211-222.https://doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ap.1996.1-2.547
BOUVRIE, S. (2009): "Artemis Ortheia - a Goddess of Nature or a Goddess of Culture?", en: T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast, Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 153-195.
BRAVO, J. y MARI, A. (2021): "The Cave of Pan at Marathon, Attica: New evidence for the performance of cult in the historic era", en S. KATSAROU y A. NAGEL (eds.), Cave and Worship in Ancient Greece. New perspectives in Landscape and Ritual, Londres, Routledge, pp. 144-165.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015765-7
CARDETE DEL OLMO, M. C. (2016): El Dios Pan y los Paisajes Pánicos: de la Figura Divina al Paisaje Religioso, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.
CAZZELLA, A. y GUIDI, A. (2017): "Aspetti simbolici connessi con le grotte nell'Italia centro-meridionale dal Neolitico alla prima età del ferro", en: A. MAIURI (ed.). Antrum. Riti e simbologie delle grotte nel Mediterraneo antico, Roma, Morcellana, pp. 47-63.
CLARK, B. (2011): "Brauron. The sacred sanctuary of Artemis", Environmental Science, pp. 1-6.
DAVARAS, C. (1976): Guide to Cretan Antiquities, Atenas, Eptalofos.
DEL HOYO CALLEJA, J. (2000): "¿Santuario dedicado a Diana cercano a Sepúlveda (Segovia)?", Veleia (17), pp. 135-141.
DILLON, M. (2002): Girls and women in Classical Greek religion, Londres, Routledge.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203621325
FEHÉR, B. (2010): "Diana's cave sanctuary in Csákvár (County Fejér)", Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (61), pp. 185-206.https://doi.org/10.1556/AArch.61.2010.1.6
FISCHER-HANSEN, T. (2009): "Artemis in Sicily and South Italy: A Picture of Diversity", en: T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast, Copenhage, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 207-261.
FOXHALL, L. (2013): Studying Gender in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980084
FRANCO, C. (2012): "Woman in Homer", en: S. JAMES y S. DILLON (eds.), A Companion to women in the Ancient World, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 54-66.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444355024.ch4
FRIESE, W. (2013): "Through The Double Gates Of Sleep: Cave-Oracles In Graeco-Roman Antiquity", en: F. MAVRIDIS y J. JENSEN (eds.), Stable places and changing perceptions: Cave Archaeology in Greece, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports Oxford, pp. 228-238.
GONZÁLEZ ALCALDE, Julio (2013): Las cuevas santuario y su incidencia en el contexto social del mundo ibérico, Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid.
GRIMAL, P. (1986): Diccionario de mitología griega y romana, Barcelona, Paidós.
HARRAUER, C. y HUNGER, H. (2008). Diccionario de mitología griega y romana, Barcelona, Herder.
HJERRILD, B. (2009): "Near Eastern Equivalents to Artemis", en: T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast (61-79), Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 41-51.
JENSEN, M. (2009): "Artemis in Homer", en: T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast (61-79), Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 51-61.
JIM, T. S. F. (2022): Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece, Oxford, Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894113.001.0001
JOHANNESSEN, L. (2021): Constituting Artemis. The social and cultural significance of votive offerings in the cults of Artemis at Brauron, Ephesos and Sparta, Atenas, Norwegian Institute at Athens.
KAHIL, L. (1965): "Autour de l'Artémis Attique", Antike Kunst (8), pp. 20-33.
KAHIL, L. (1977): "L'Artémis de Brauron rites et mystère", Antike Kunst (20), pp. 86-98.
KARADIMA, A. (2021): "Communities, consumption, and a cave: The profile of cult at Drakaina Cave on Kephallonia", en S. KATSAROU y A. NAGEL (eds.), Cave and Worship in Ancient Greece. New perspectives in Landscape and Ritual, Londres, Routledge, pp. 93-114.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015765-5
KATSAROU, S. (2021): "The dawn of ancient Greek cave cult: Prehistoric cave sanctuaries", en: S. KATSAROU y A. NAGEL (eds.), Caves in Context. The cultural significance of Caves and Rock-Shelters in Europe. Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 17-48.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015765-2
LEE, M. (2012): "Dress and Adornment in Archaic and Classical Greece". en: S. JAMES y S. DILLON (eds.). A Companion to women in the Ancient World, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 179-191.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444355024.ch13
LÉGER, R. (2015): Artemis and her cult, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Brimingham, Birmingham.
MAIURI, A. (2017): Antrum. Riti e simbologie delle grotte nel Mediterraneo antico, Roma, Morcellana.
MARCO SIMÓN, F. (2021): Cultus deorum; La religión en la antigua roma, Madrid, Síntesis.
MARTIN, R. (2006): Mitología griega y romana: (de la A a la Z), Madrid, Espasa.
MEJER, Jørgen (2009): "Artemis in Athens", en T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast (61-79), Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 61-79.
MLEKUZ, D. (2012): "Notes from the underground: caves and people in the Mesolithic and Neolithic Karst", en: K.A. BERGSVIK y R. SKEATES (eds.). Caves in Context. The cultural significance of Caves and Rock-Shelters in Europe, Oxford, Oxbow Books, pp. 199-211.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1djk4.18
NAGEL, A. (2021): "A river ran through it: Circulating images of ritual and engaging communities in a cave in Aitoloakarnania", en S. KATSAROU y A. NAGEL (eds.), Cave and Worship in Ancient Greece. New perspectives in Landscape and Ritual, Londres, Routledge, pp. 115-143.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003015765-6
NIELSEN, I. (2009): "The sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. Can Architecture and Iconography Help to Locate the Settings of the Ritual?", en T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast. Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 83-116.
NIELSEN, M. y RATHJE, A. (2009): "Atumes in Etruria - the Borrowed Goddess", en T. FISCHER-HANSEN y B. POULSEN (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast, Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 261-303.
NOSCH, M. (2009): "Approaches to Artemis in Bronze Age Greece", en: T. FISCHER-HANSEN y S. POULSEN, (eds.), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Mand and Beast, Copenhague, Acta Hyperborea, pp. 21-41.
PIERCE, N. (2006). The archaeology of sacred caves in Attica, Greece, Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universidad McMaster, Hamilton.
RODINI, M. (2014): "Artemis y la ciudad en el Himno a Artemis de Calimaco", Cuadernos de Filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos, 25, 215-222.https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_CFCG.2015.v25.48487
ROSE, H.J. (1973): Mitología griega, Barcelona, Labor.
RUEDA GALÁN, C. y BELLÓN RUÍZ, J. (2016): "Culto y rito en cuevas: modelos territoriales de vivencia y experimentación de lo sagrado, más allá de la materialidad (ss. V-II A.N.E)", ARYS. Antigüedad: Religiones y Sociedades (14), pp. 43-80.https://doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3986
SANTOS YANGUAS, J. y MARTÍNEZ CABALLERO, S. (2021): "¿Un santuario de Diana en Cueva Labrada en Sepúlveda (Segovia)?", en S. MARTÍNEZ CABALLERO y J. SANTOS YANGUAS (eds.), Paisajes sagrados de la Antigüedad en el Valle del Duero, Segovia, Ayuntamiento de Segovia, pp. 91-107.
USTINOVA, Y. (2009): Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind. Descending Underground in the Search of Ultimate Truth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548569.001.0001
VALDÉS GUÍA, M. A. (2020): Prácticas Rituales y Discursos Femeninos en Atenas. Los Espacios Sacros de la Gyne, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.https://doi.org/10.15366/9788483447314.hel.01
VIKELA, E. (2008): "The worship of Artemis in Attica: cult places, rites, iconography", en N. KALTSAS y A. SHAPIRO (eds.), Worshiping women. Ritual and reality in Classical Athens, Nueva York, Onassis Foundation USA, pp. 73-81.
WERTH, Nina (2006): Hekate. Untersuchungen zur Dreigestalitigen Göttin, Hamburgo, Dr. Kovac.
YIOUTSOS, N. (2014): "Pan Rituals of Ancient Greece: a Multi-Sensory Body Experience", en: L. ENEIX (ed.), Archaeoacoustics: The Archaeology of Sound, La Valetta, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, pp. 57-68.
Anónimo, Himnos Órficos. Traducción: Josefina Maynadé, Olañeta, Madrid.
Apolodoro, Biblioteca Mitológica. Traducción: Margarita Rodríguez de Sepúlveda, Madrid, Gredos.
Calímaco, Himnos, epigramas y fragmentos. Traducción: Luis Alberto de Cuenca y Prado y Máximo Brioso Sánchez, Madrid, Gredos.
Eurípides, Ifigenia en Áulide. Traducción: Manuel Acosta Esteban, Madrid, Clásicas ediciones.
Eurípides, Ifigenia entre los tauros. Traducción: Germán Santana Henríquez, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
Homero, Himnos Homéricos. La "Batracomiomaquia". Traducción: Alberto Bernabé Pajares, Madrid, Gredos.
Homero, Ilíada. Traducción: Luis Segalá Estalella, Barcelona, Austral.
Horacio, Odas. Traducción: Alejandro Bekes, Buenos Aires, Losada.
Ovidio, Metamorfosis. Traducción: Ana Pérez Vega, Barcelona, Bruguera.
Ovidio, Fastos. Traducción: Bartolomé Segura Ramos, Madrid, Gredos.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to be the first to publish the work and to do so under a "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Spain" (CC-by-nc-sa) licence, unless otherwise indicated.
2. This licence allows others to share, copy, distribute and publicly communicate the work, as well as to make derivative works as long as the work is attributed to the author(s), is not used for commercial purposes and is shared under the same licence.
You can consult the informative version and the legal text of the licence here. This must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
3. Authors may separately enter into additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (e.g. placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
4. Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their own website) before and during the submission process, as it may lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and higher citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
Universidad Pablo de Olavide