Efectos y desafíos de la automatización y la digitalización. Parte II, consecuencias y problemas derivados de la digitalización.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46661/rec.10701Palabras clave:
Digitalización, Automatización, Revolución industrial, industria 4.0, trabajo empleo y organización del trabajoResumen
En la primera parte de esta contribución se ha ofrecido una actualización de los trabajos que han estudiado los efectos que está teniendo la automatización y la digitalización sobre el empleo. En esta segunda parte se pretende llamar la atención sobre ciertas consecuencias problemáticas, en el presente y en el futuro, a las que da lugar la digitalización, en particular la Inteligencia Artificial, en una variedad de campos: los efectos sobre la productividad; una desigualdad creciente; la aparición de brechas digitales; los costos ambientales de la automatización y la digitalización; el impacto en los sistemas tributarios; y los peligros y riesgos, tanto en el sector privado como en el público, de la enorme cantidad de datos personales recopilados y su uso, llenando un vacío en la literatura al ofrecer una perspectiva más amplia e integrada sobre el tema.
Descargas
Citas
Abrardi, Laura; Cambini, Carlo; Rondi, Laura (2022): "Artificial intelligence, firms and consumer behavior: a survey". Journal of Economic Surveys. V.36, i4, September. 969-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12455
Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual (2019): The Wrong Kind of AI? Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labor Demand. NBER Working Paper 25682. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25682
Acemoglu, Daron (2021): Harms of AI. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 29247 - September. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29247
Aghion, Philippe; Antonin, Celine; Bunel, Simon (2019): "Artificial Intelligence, Growth and Employment: The Role of Policy". Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, Nº. 510-511-512. 149-164. https://doi.org/10.24187/ecostat.2019.510t.1994
Albarracín, Daniel (2022): "Controversias socioeconómicas sobre la tecnología. ¿Una nueva onda larga expansiva gracias a la revolución digital?". Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político. I época, vol. 17, 435-456. https://doi.org/10.46661/revintpensampolit.6810
Allen, Robert C. (2009): "Engels' pause: Technical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the British industrial revolution". Explorations in Economic History. V46, n4. 418-435.Allen, Robert C. (2017): "Lessons from history for the future of work". Nature. Vol. 550, 19 October. 321-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/550321a
Alston, Philip (2019): Digital technology, social protection and human rights: Report. United Nations. General Assembly at its 74th session. A/74/493. https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2019/digital-technology-social-protection-and-human-rights-report.
Aragón, Jorge: "Las brechas digitales, el derecho a la conexión y al conocimiento digital". Gaceta Sindical: reflexión y debate. Nº 36. 193-215.
Arntz, Melanie; Gregory, Terry; Zierahn, Ulrich (2016): The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en.
Bellver, José (2018): "Costes y restricciones ecológicas al capitalismo digital". Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global. FUHEM. N.º 144. 59-77.
Busemeyer, Marius R.; Kemmerling, Achim; Marx, Paul; Van Kersbergen, Kees Eds. (2022): Digitalization and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848369.001.0001
Calderón, Daniel; Casas, Belén; Urraco, Mariano; Revilla, Juan Carlos (2020): "The labour digital divide: digital dimensions of labour market segmentation". Work, organization, labour & globalisation. Vol. 14, nº 2. 7-30. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.14.2.0007
Carbonero, Francesco; Scicchitano, Sergio (2021): Labour and technology at the time of Covid-19. Can artificial intelligence mitigate the need for proximity? GLO Discussion Paper, No. 765, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen.
Cazes, Sandrine (2023): "Social dialogue and collective bargaining in the age of artificial intelligence". OECD Employment Outlook 2023. OECD Publishing, Paris. 221-256. https://doi.org/10.1787/c35af387-en
Chiarella, Agustin; Martín, Gregorio; Ortega, Andrés; Szenkman, Paula (2022): Towards a global agenda for digitalization without greenhouse emissions. Real Instituto Elcano. Policy Brief. T20 Indonesia 2022. October 19.
Clifton, Judith; Glasmeier, Amy; Gray, Mia (2020): "When machines think for us: the consequences for work and place". Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. Vol. 13, March. 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa004
Collington, Rosie (2022): "Disrupting the Welfare State? Digitalisation and the Retrenchment of Public Sector Capacity." New Political Economy. Vol. 27, nº 2. 312-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2021.1952559
Consejo Económico y Social (2021): Informe 01/2021. La digitalización de la economía. Actualización del Informe 3/2017. Madrid, marzo.
Craglia, Max (ed.) (2018): Artificial Intelligence. A European Perspective. EUR Publications Office. Luxemburg. Joint Research Centre, JRC113826.
Dauvergne, Peter (2022): "Is artificial intelligence greening global supply chains? Exposing the political economy of environmental costs." Review of International Political Economy. Vol.29, n3. 696-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1814381
Dervis, Kemal; Qureshi, Zia (2016): The productivity slump - fact or fiction: the measurement debate. Global Economy and Development. Brookings Institution Brief, August.
Drahokoupil, Jan; Piasna, Agnieszka (2022): "Internet and Platform Work in Europe". In Busemeyer, M.R.et al.. 255-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848369.003.0014
Dyer-Witheford, Nick; Mikola Kjosen, Atle; Steinhoff, James (2019): Inhuman Power. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Capitalism. Pluto Press. London. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvj4sxc6
Eubanks, Virginia (2021): Automating Inequality. How High-Tech Tools profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St Martin's Press. New York.
Fanti, Lucrezia; Guarascio, Dario; Moggi, Massimo (2022): "From Heron of Alexandria to Amazon's Alexa: a stylized history of AI and its impact on business models, organization and work". Journal of Industrial and Business Economics. August. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-022-00222-4
Figueroa, Víctor (2019): "¿Hacia el fin del trabajo? Mitos, verdades y especulaciones". Nueva Sociedad. Nº 279, enero-febrero. 49-61.
Fundació Ferrer i Guardia (2022): Encuesta brecha y capacitación digital en España. Presentación de resultados. Diciembre.
Gelepithis, Margarita (2022): "The Politics of Tax Policy in the Digital Age". In Busemeyer, M.R.et al.. 355-370. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848369.003.0020
Gmyrek, P.; Berg, J.; Bescond, D. (2023): Generative AI and jobs: A global analysis of potential effects on job quantity and quality. International Labour Organization. ILO Working Papers, 96. August. https://doi.org/10.54394/FHEM8239
Green, A.; Salvi del Pero, A.; Verhagen, A. (2023): "Artificial intelligence, job quality and inclusiveness". OECD Employment Outlook 2023. OECD Publishing, Paris. 128-154. https://doi.org/10.1787/99c4c123-en
Hacker, Philipp (2023): The European AI Liability Directives. Critique of a Half-Hearted Approach and Lessons for the Future. SSRN-id4279796. Working Paper version 20 January. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4279796
Hatzius, Jan; Briggs, Joseph; Kodnani, Devesh; Pierdomenico, Giovanni (2023): The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth. Goldman Sachs Economic Research. March 26.
Hill, Linda A.; Le Cam, Ann; Menon, Sunand; Tedars, Emily (2022): Digital Transformation: A New Roadmap for Success. Harvard Business School. Working Knowledge. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/leading-in-the-digital-era-a-new-roadmap-for-success. 7 February.
Kalluri, Prayusha (2022): "Don't ask if AI is good or fair, ask how it shifts power". Nature. Vol. 583. 9 July 2020. 169. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02003-2
Lai, John; Widmar, Nicole O. (2021): "Revisiting the Digital Divide in the COVID-19 Era". Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. V. 43, nº 1. 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104
Lane, Marguerita; Saint-Martin, Anne (2021): The impact of Artificial Intelligence on the labour market: What do we know so far? OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. Nº 256. DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM (2021)3.
Lane, Marguerita; Williams, Morgan; Broecke, Stijn (2023): The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, nº 288. DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM (2023)6.
Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (2020): "Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?" Ecological Economics. Vol. 176, October. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760
Lazonick, William; Mazzucato, Mariana (2013): "The risk-reward nexus in the innovation-inequality relationship: who takes the risks? Who gets the rewards?" Industrial and Corporate Change. v.22: 1093-1128. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtt019
Linares, Pedro J.; López, Vicente (2016): "La economía circular versus la economía digital ¿dónde está la revolución?" Gaceta Sindical, reflexión y debate. Nueva etapa nº 27, dic. 229-242.
Mahnkopf, Birgit (2019): The '4th wave of industrial revolution' - a promise blind to social consequences, power and ecological impact in the era of 'digital capitalism. Euro-Memo Group. Discussion Paper nº 1/2019.
Mishel, Lawrence (2022): "How automation and skill gaps fail to explain wage suppression or wage inequality." Industrial and Corporate Change. Vol 31, n1. 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtac004
OECD (2019): Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class. OECD Publishing, Paris.
OECD (2020): Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalization - Economic Impact Assessment. Inclusive Framework on BEPS. OCDE/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Siftting Project. OCDE Publishing, Paris.
Özkisiltan, Didem; Hassel, Anke (2020): Humans versus Machines: An Overview of Research on the Effects of Automation of Work. Hertie School of Governance. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3789992
Parolin, Zachary (2019): Automation and Occupational Wage Trends: What Role for Unions and Collective Bargaining? Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Working Paper Series, No. 767.
Piasna, Agnieszka (2020): Counting gigs. How can we measure the scale of online platform work? European Trade Union Institute. Working Paper 2020.06. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3699350
Ponce del Castillo, Aida (2022): "Artificial intelligence: filling the gaps". Social Europe. 14th April 2022.
Ragnedda, Massimo (2017): The Third Digital Divide: A Weberian Approach to Digital Inequalities. Nueva York. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315606002
Raventós, Daniel (2021): La renta básica. ¿Por qué y para qué? Los libros de la Catarata. Madrid.
Recio, Albert (2018): "Digitalización y trabajo: notas para un debate". Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global. FUHEM. Nº 144. 49-28.
Salvi del Pero, Angelica; Wyckoff, Peter; Vourc'h, Ann (2022): Using Artificial Intelligence in the workplace: What are the main ethical risks? OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, Nº 273. DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM (2022)7.
Several Authors (2022): Libro Blanco sobre la reforma tributaria. Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Madrid. https://www.ief.es/Investigacion/Com_LibroBlanco.vbhtml.
Soete, Luc (2018): "Destructive creation. Explaining the productivity paradox in the digital age." En Neufeind, Max; O'Reilly, Jacqueline; Ranft, Florian (Eds.). Work in the digital age. Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. London-New York. 29-46.
Schwab, Klaus (2016): The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ Last access, 10 April 2019.
Schnabel, Isabel (2022): Speech by Isabel Schnabel, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, at a panel on the "Fight against inflation, at the IV Edition Foro La Toja. La Toja (Spain), September 30. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2022/html/ecb.sp220930~9dac17b1fe.en.html
Stansbury, Anna; Summers, Lawrence H. (2020): The Declining Worker Power Hypothesis: An explanation for the recent evolution of the American economy. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 27193, May. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27193
Tørsløv, Thomas; Wier, Ludvig; Zucman, Gabriel (2020): The Missing Profits of Nations. Mimeo, January 15. https://missingprofits.world/ Last access, 9 April 2020. It is an updated version of the document with the same title published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24701, June 2018. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24701
UK Parliament (2022): Energy Consumption of ICT. POSTNote, number 677, September.
United Nations (2020): Report of the Secretary-General. Roadmap for Digital Cooperation. June.
Urzì, Maria Cesira; Curtarelli, Mauricio; Baiocco, Sara (2022): How digital technology is reshaping the art of management. European Commission, Seville, Spain. Joint Research Centre. WP series 2002/05, JRC13808.
Utterback, James M. (2001): Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Harvard Business Review Press, second edition, 1996. I have used the Spanish version, Dinámica de la innovación tecnológica. Fundación Cotec para la Innovación Tecnológica. Madrid.
Van Dijk, Jan (2020): The Digital Divide. Cambridge UK. Polity Press. 2020.
Van Dis, Eva A.; Bollen, Johan; van Rooij, Robert; Zuidema, Willem; Bockting, Claudi L. (2023): "ChatGPT: five priorities for research". Nature. Vol. 614, February, 224-226. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00288-7
Van Parijs, Philippe; Vanderborght, Yannick (2017): Basic Income. A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674978072
Warning, Anja; Weber, Enzo; Püffel, Anouk (2022): "On the Impact of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence on Employers' Flexibility Requirements in Occupations-Empirical Evidence for Germany". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. May. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.868789
Wren, Anne (2022): "Digitalization and the Transition to Services". In Busemeyer, M.R.et al. 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848369.003.0003
Zuboff, Shoshana (2020): The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. Public Affairs. London.
