La  repercusión del Movimiento MeToo en la sanción social de la violencia sexual y en la aprobación de la “Ley del sólo sí es sí”: la persistente necesidad de sensibilización

Mercedes Camarero

doi:10.46661/revintpensampolit.12678

Authors

Mercedes Camarero Departamento de Sociología. Universidad Pablo de Olavide

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46661/revintpensampolit.12678

Keywords:

Sexual violence, MeToo movement, Social perception, Rape culture, Awareness, Only yes means yes law

Abstract

The current MeToo Movement brings together the efforts of social, political and academic activism which, since the mid-1970s, has been committed to eradicating sexual violence: expressing empathy, showing solidarity with victims and denouncing non-consent sexual relations as a crime. This article argues that this powerful movement, catalysed by its media coverage over the last decade, has contributed in Spain to promoting a high level of social consensus among the population and to the passing of the Law on Comprehensive Guarantee of Sexual Freedom. To verify this, we analyse data from three representative statistical surveys on the ‘social perception of sexual violence’: Eurobarometer 85.3 (2016); CIS-3182 Study (2017); CIS-3393 Study (2023). We conclude that, although much progress has been made in terms of raising public awareness, the awareness-raising measures included in the law are still necessary until there is a unanimous consensus that any sexual relationship without consent, in addition to being socially unacceptable, must be reported and legally punished.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Atanasova-Denié, Zlatka and Tostain, Manuel (2008). “Les processus d’attribution de punitions. Étude des relations entre gravité de l’infraction pénale, caractéristiques de l’auteur, émotions et motivations à punir”. Les cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, vol.78, pp. 21-34.

Aizpurúa González, E. y Fernández Molina, E. (2016): Opinión pública hacia el castigo de los delincuentes: la importancia del delito cometido, Boletín Criminológico, 161:1-6.

Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against our will: Men, women and rape. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster.

Camarero, Mercedes (2016). “La desigualdad de género” en Iglesias de Ussel, Julio, Trinidad Requena, Antonio y Soriano Miras, Rosa María, La sociedad desde la sociología, Madrid: Tecnos, pp. 383-414.

Cavender, Gray (2004). “Media and crime policy: A reconsideration of David Garland's The culture of control”, Punishment and Society, vol. 6(3), pp. 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474504043636

Chiffriller, Sheila H., Doshi, Poonam V., Geiling, Elizabeth C. y D’Urso, Michaela (2023). “Factors Influencing College Students’ Perceptions of Sexual Violence on Campus: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 38(17-18), pp.10082–10104.

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (2017). Estudio CIS-3182: Percepción social de la violencia sexual, CIS.

Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (2023). Estudio CIS-3393: Encuesta sobre cuestiones de actualidad: la violencia sexual contra las mujeres, CIS.

Comisión Europea (2016). Eurobarometer EU-85.3: Gender based violence, Unión Europea.

Confortini, Catia C. (2006). “Galtung, Violence, and Gender: The Case for a Peace Studies/Feminism Alliance”, Peace & Change, vol. 31(3), pp. 333-367.

Decker, Michele, et alia. (2022). “Defining Justice: Restorative and Retributive Justice Goals Among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors”, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 37(5-6), pp. 2844-2867.

DeLaure, Marilyn y Fink, Moritz (2017). Culture Jamming: Activism and the Art of Cultural Resistance. Nueva York: New York University Press, 2017.

Díez-Ripollés, José Luis, Cerezo Domínguez, Ana Isabel y Benítez, María José (2017). La política criminal contra la violencia sobre la mujer pareja (2004-2014). Su efectividad, eficacia y eficiencia, Valencia:Tirant lo Blanch.

Ferrão, Maria Clara, Gonçalves, Gabriela, Giger, Jean Christophe y Parreira, Tiago (2016). “Of rape and other demons: The impact of the victim’s eye size and observer’s gender on the attributions of responsibility”, Psihologijske teme, 25(2), pp. 157-180.

Ferrão, Maria Clara, Gonçalves, Gabriela, Giger, Jean Christophe y Parreira, Tiago (2013). Rape-victim empathy scale (REMV): An exploratory study in a Portuguese sample. Psychological Thought, 6(2), 283-295.

Fricker, Miranda (2017). Injusticia epistémica: El poder y la ética del conocimiento. Barcelona: Herder.

Garland, David (2005). La cultura del control. Crimen y orden social en la Sociedad contemporánea, Barcelona: Gedisa.

Garland, David (1996). “The limits of the sovereign state”, The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 36(4), pp. 445-471.

Grubb, A. R., & Harrower, J. (2009). Understanding attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 63–81.

Habermas, Jürgen (1981). Historia y crítica de la opinión pública, Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.

Habermas, Jürgen (1987). Teoría de la acción comunicativa (2 vols.), Madrid: Taurus.

Hackman, Christine Louise, Witte, Tricia y Greenband, Marissa (2017). “Social norms for sexual violence perpetration in college”, Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, vol. 9(4), pp. 305-313.

Hannah-Moffat, Kelly y Lynch, Mona (2012). Theorizing punishement’s boundaires: An introduction, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 16 (2), pp. 119-121.

Hirshman, Linda (2019). Reckoning: The Epic Battle Against Sexual Abuse and Harassment, Boston: Mariner/ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Hong Fincher, Leta (2018). Betraying Big Brother: The Feminist Awakening in China, Nueva York: Verso.

Hudson, Barbara (2003). Justice in the Risk Society: Challenging and Re-affirming Justice in Late Modernity, Sage.

Kantor, Jodi y Twohey, Megan (2019). She said: Breaking the sexual harassment story that helped ignite a movement. New York: Penguin Press.

Kelly, Liz (1987). “The continuum of sexual violence” en Jalna Hanmer y Mary Maynard (Eds.), Women, violence and social control, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Ley Orgánica 10/2022. Ley Orgánica 10/2022, de 6 de septiembre, de garantía integral de la libertad sexual (BOE nº 215, de 7 de septiembre de 2022).

Mitchell, D., Angelone, D. J., Kohlberger, B., & Hirschman, R. (2009). “Effects of offender motivation, victim gender, and participant gender on perceptions of rape victims and offenders”, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 24(9), 1564–1578.

Mulder, Eva, Pemberton, Antony y Vingerhoets, Adrianus (2020). “The Feminizing Effect of Sexual Violence in Third-Party Perceptions of Male and Female Victims”, Sex Roles, vol. 82, pp.13-27.

Nicholls, Tracey (2021). Dismantling rape culture the peacebuilding power of 'Me Too'. Nueva York: Routledge.

Powers, Ráchael A. y Leili, Jennifer (2016). “Yeah, We Serve Alcohol, but . . . We Are Here to Help”: A Qualitative Analysis of Bar Staff’s Perceptions of Sexual Violence, Violence and Victims, vol. 31(4), pp. 692-707.

Sanyal, Mithu (2019). Rape: From Lucretia to #MeToo. London & New York: Verso Books.

Sen, Cristina (2018). “Suecia aprueba la ley en la que el sexo sin consentimiento será violación”. Diario La Vanguardia, 25 mayo de 2018. https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180525/443816457117/suecia-aprueba-ley-sexo-sin-consentimiento-violacion.html

Strang, E., Peterson, Z. D., Hill, Y. N., & Heiman, J. R. (2013). Discrepant responding across self-report measures of men’s coercive and aggressive sexual strategies. Journal of Sex Research, 50(5), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.201

1.646393

Yndo, Monica C., & Zawacki, Tina (2020). Factors influencing labeling nonconsensual sex as sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(7–8), 1803–1827. https://

doi.org/10.1177/0886260517699948

Zinzow, Heidi M., y Thompson, Martie P. (2015). A longitudinal study of risk factors for repeated sexual coercion and assault in U.S. college men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0243-5