Continuity or change after Covid-19 in tourism in Ibiza and Formentera

Authors

  • Joan Carles Cirer Costa Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46661/rev.metodoscuant.econ.empresa.8115

Keywords:

COVID-19 impacts, Tourism recovery, Resilience, Hotel pricing, Ibiza and Formentera

Abstract

The pandemic caused by Covid-19 has severely affected the tourism industry, but it has not equally affected all its segments or all the geographical spaces where it is carried out. Our objective is to determine whether it has caused structural changes in one of the major sun and beach tourist destinations in the Mediterranean: the islands of Ibiza and Formentera. To answer this question, we analyse the evolution of the prices offered by the different types of tourist accommodation on these islands in 2019, 2020 and 2021. This analysis shows that tourism practically disappeared on these islands in 2020, but when it partially recovered, in 2021, it did so with the same characteristics that existed before the pandemic.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abrate, G., Capriello, A., & Fraquelli, G. (2011). When quality signals talk: Evidence from the Turin hotel industry. Tourism Management, 32, 912-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.006.

Abrate, G., Fraquelli, G., & Viglia, G. (2012). Dynamic pricing strategies: Evidence from European hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.003.

Agència d'estratègia turística Illes Balears (AETIB) (2023) El turisme a les Illes Balears. Anuari 2022. http://www.caib.es/sites/estadistiquesdelturisme/ca/anuaris_de_turisme-22816/

Agusaj, B., Bazdan, V., & Lujak, D. (2017). The relationship between online rating, hotel star category and room pricing power. Ekonomska Misao i Praksa, 1, 189-204. https://doi.org/https://hrcak.srce.hr/183556.

Ahad, N. A. & Yahaya, S. S. S. (2014). Sensitivity Analysis of Welch's t-Test. Proceedings of the 21st National Symposium on Mathematical Sciences, 888-893. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4887707.

Ahlin, L. (2022). "Stop the ferry". A qualitative Study on Residents' Attitudes During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Linnaeus University. Kalmar.

Alegre, J., & Cladera, M. (2006). Repeat Visitation in Mature Sun and Sand Holiday Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505279005.

Alegre, J. & Juaneda, C. (2006). Destination Loyalty. Consumers' Economic Behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 3, 684-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.03.014.

Alegre, J. & Sard, M. (2015). When demand drops and prices rise. Tourist packages in the Balearic Islands during the economic crisis. Tourism Management, 46, 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.016.

Alipour, H., Olya, H., Maleki, P. & Dalir, S. (2020). Behavioral responses of 3S tourism visitors: Evidence from a Mediterranean Island destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100624.

Allison, P. D. (1978). Measures of Inequality. American Sociological Review, 43(6), 865-880.

https://doi.org/10.2307/2094626

Arabadzhyan, A., Figini, P. & Zirulia, L. (2021). Hotels, prices and risk premium in exceptional times: The case of Milan hotels during the first COVID-19 outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 2, 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2021.100023.

Arbulú, I., Razumova, M., Rey, J., & Sastre, F. (2021). Can domestic tourism relieve the COVID-19 tourist industry crisis? The case of Spain. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100568.

Baum, T., & Mudambi, R. (1995). An empirical análisis of oligopolistic hotel pricing. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00066-2.

Bendel, R. B.; Higgins, S. S.; Teberg, J. E. & Pyke, D. A. (1989). Comparison of skewness coefficient, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient as inequality measures within populations. Oecologia, 78(3), 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379115.

Berrozpe, A., Campo, S., & Yagüe, M. J. (2017). Understanding the identity of Ibiza, Spain. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(8), 1033-1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1272525.

Berrozpe, A., Campo, S., & Yagüe, M. J. (2019). Am I Ibiza? Measuring brand identification in the tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.04.005.

Bulchand, J. (2022). Post-COVID-19 recovery of island tourism using a smart tourism destination framework. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 23, 100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100689.

Caletrío, J. (2009). De Veraneo en la Playa. In P. Obrador, M. Crang, & P. Travlou, (Eds.), Cultures of Mas Tourism (pp. 111─128). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Calmon, A. P., Ciocan, F. D., & Romero, G. (2020). Revenue Management with Repeated Customer Interactions, Management Science, 67(5), 2944-2963. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3677.

Capellà, H. (2018). The Ibiza's Nightlife as a Bend from Marginalization to Tourism Centrality In S. Pelc, & M. Koderman (Eds.), Nature, Tourism and Ethnicity as Drivers of (De) Marginalization: Insights to Marginality from Perspective of Sustainability and Development (pp. 109─118). Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_7

Carreras, M. (2016). Advanced sales and competition in a service industry. International Journal of Revenue Management, 9(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRM.2016.076142.

Cheer, J. M., Lapointe, D., Mostafanezhad, M., & Jamal, T. (2021). Global tourism in crisis: conceptual frameworks for research and practice. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(3), 278-294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2021-227.

Cheer, J. M., & Lew, A. A. (2018). Understanding tourism resilience. Adapting to social, political, and economic change. In J. M. Cheer, & A. A. Lew (Eds.), Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability (pp. 1─18). Oxon: Routledge.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315464053

Chen, C. F., & Rothschild, R. (2010). An application of hedonic pricing analysis to the case of hotel rooms in Taipei. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 685-694. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010792278310.

Chen, Y., & Farias, V. (2019). On the Efficacy of Static Prices for Revenue Management in the Face of Strategic Customers. Maastricht: ACM Press.

https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3203

Cheng, L. & Zhang, J. (2020). Is tourism development a catalyst of economic recovery following natural disaster? An analysis of economic resilience and spatial variability, Current Issues in Tourism, 23(20): 2602-2623. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1711029.

Cirer, J. C. (2013). Price formation and market segmentation in seaside accommodations, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 446-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.11.004.

Cirer, J. C. (2014). The explosive expansion and consolidation of the balearic hotel sector, 1964-2010, Historia Industrial, 56, 189-216.

Cirer, J. C. (2020). Building Multinationals in the Mediterranean: Balearic Island Hotels in the 1990s. Management & Organizational History, 15(4), 338-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2021.1896368.

Cirer, J. C. (2022). Qualitative revenue management in sun and beach hotels. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 21(4), 462-469. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-021-00361-8.

Cladera, M. (2002). La repetició de la visita al mercat turístic balear. Estudis sobre Turisme a Eivissa i Formentera, 3, 51-64.

Deyá, B., Leoni, V., & Ramos, V. (2022). COVID-led consumption displacement: A longitudinal analysis of hotel booking patterns. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103343.

Dresner, M. (2006). Leisure versus business passengers: Similarities, differences, and implications. Transport Management, 12, 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2005.09.006.

Duro, J. A., Perez, A., & Fernandez, M. (2022). Territorial tourism resilience in the COVID-19 summer. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3, 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100039.

Ernst, D., & Dolnicar, S. (2018). How to Avoid Random Market Segmentation Solutions. Journal of Travel Research, 57(1), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516684978.

Espinet, J. M., & Gassiot, A. (2022). Has COVID 19 had an impact on prices? The case of the cruise industry. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 21, 538-552. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-021-00362-7.

Falk, M., & Vieru, M. (2019). Myth of early booking gains. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 18, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-017-0134-9.

Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R. & Andargoli, A. E. (2021). International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis, Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 687-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287520931593.

Fleischer, A. (2012). A room with a view - A valuation of the Mediterranean Sea view. Tourism Management, 33, 598-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.06.016.

Garcia, C., Deyà, B., Lorenzo, J., Morán, E., Rodríguez, P. & Tirado, D. (2023). Zero tourism due to COVID-19: an opportunity to assess water consumption associated to tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(8), 1869-1884. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2079652.

García, J., Juaneda, C., Raya, J. M. & Sastre, F. (2015). A study of traveller decision-making determinants: prioritizing destination or travel mode? Tourism Economics, 21(6), 1149-1167. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2015.0517.

Garrido, A., García, V. J., & Martín, R. (2021). Going beyond the curve: Strategic measures to recover hotel activity in times of COVID-19. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102928.

González, T., Rodríguez, J. L., & Pelechano, E. (2021). Managing relationships in the Tourism Supply Chain to overcome epidemic outbreaks: The case of COVID-19 and the hospitality industry in Spain. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102733.

Guillet, B. D., & Chi, A. M. (2021). Managing hotel revenue amid the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 604-627. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-0623.

Guizzard, A., Ballestra, L. V., & D'Innocenzo, E. (2022). Hotel dynamic pricing, stochastic demand and covid-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103495.

Haddad, R. E., Hallak, R., & Assaker, G. (2015). Price fairness perceptions and hotel customers' behavioral intentions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(3), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715573651.

Hashemi, S., Kumarsi, S., & Marzuki, A. (2017). Tourist's motivation and behavioural intention between sun and sand destinations. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 5(4), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLTM.2017.087509.

Institut d'Estadística de les Illes Balears (IBESTAT) (2022). Estadístiques de turisme. https://ibestat.caib.es/ibestat/estadistiques/economia/turisme/

Institut d'Estadística de les Illes Balears (IBESTAT) (2023). Projectes visats. https://ibestat.caib.es/ibestat/estadistiques/economia/construccio-habitatge/visats-llicencies-certificacions-obra/ac409f21-2ec9-4de1-a198-534336cc0964.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2022). Encuesta de ocupación Hotelera. Viajeros y pernoctaciones por zonas turísticas. https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=2039&L=0.

Ivanov, S., & Ayas, Ç. (2017). Investigation of the revenue management practices of accommodation establishments in Turkey: An exploratory study. Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.03.007.

Jacobsen, J. K. S., & Dann, G. M. (2009). Summer Holidaymaking in Greece and Spain: Exploring Visitor Motive Patters. Anatolia, 20(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2009.10518891.

Jacobsen, J. K. S., Skogheims, R. & Dann, G. M. (2015). Sun, sea, sociability, and sightseeing: Mediterranean summer holidaymaking revisited. Anatolia, 26(2), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2014.931288.

Köseoglu, M. A., Yan, M., & Okumus, F. (2021). Coopetition strategies for competitive intelligence practices-evidence from full-service hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 99, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103049.

Kuo, F. C. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19: Turbulence for Tourist Hotels in Taiwan.

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4098990

Lee, S. K., & Jang, S. (2013). Asymmetry of Price Competition in the Lodging Market. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512457268.

Liu, Q., & Ryzin, G. (2008). Strategic Capacity Rationing to Induce Early Purchases. Management Science, 54(6), 1115-1131. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0832.

Lu, A. C., & Gursoy, D. (2015). A conceptual model of consumers' online tourism confusion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1320-1342. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-0171.

Maestre, T., & Obrador, P. (2019). Queer Desires, the Beach and Catalan Cinema, Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings. https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/80.

Martínez, E., Ferrer, B., & Coenders, G. (2011). Profile of business and leisure travelers on low-cost carriers in Europe. Journal of Air Transport Management, 20, 12-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.09.002.

Martinović, M. (2021). Price Determinants in Upscale Hotels During Covid-19 Crisis. Dubrovnik: RIT Croatia.

Matiza, T. (2020). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2020-0063.

Mohammed, I., Guillet, B., & Law, R. (2019). Last-minute hotel-booking and frequency of dynamic price adjustments of hotel rooms in a cosmopolitan tourism city. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 41, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.08.005.

Naranjo, D. (2009). Management information systems and strategic performances: The role of top team composition. International Journal of Information Management, 29, 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.05.009.

Neirotti, P., Raguseo, E., & Paolucci, E. (2016). Are customers' reviews creating value in the hospitality industry?Exploring the moderating effects of market positioning. International Journal of Information Management, 36(6), 1133-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.02.010.

Nikolić, D., & Mitrović, A. (2021). How Guest Delight Affected Hotel Pricing before and during Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, 10, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.53615/2232-5697.10.85-96.

Noel, M. D. (2022). Competitive survival in a devastated industry: Evidence from hotels during COVID‐19. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 31(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12446.

Ntacho, G. A., & Muba, S. (2021). COVID 19 The pandemic and Price Volatility: An Analysis of Hospitality Industry in Emerging Market Economy - Case Study of Tanzania. East African Journal of Business and Economics, 4(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.4.1.479.

Obrador, P. (2009). The Mediterranean Pool: Cultivating Hospitality in the Coastal Hotel. In P. Obrador, M. Crang, & P. Travlou, (Eds.), Cultures of Mass tourism (pp. 91─110). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Obrador, P., Crang, M., & Travlou, P. (2009). Corrupted Seas: the Mediterranean in the Age of Mass Mobility. In P. Obrador, M. Crang, & P. Travlou, (Eds.), Cultures of Mass tourism (pp. 157─174). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Onofri, L., & Nunes, P. (2013). Beach 'lovers' and 'greens': A worldwide empirical analysis of coastal tourism. Ecological Economics, 88, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.003.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2020) Tourism Policy Responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19). https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=124_124984-7uf8nm95se&title=Covid-19_Tourism_Policy_Responses.

Owuor, I., Hochmair, H. H. & Paulus, G. (2022). The Effect of COVID-19 on the Origins of Florida State Park Visitors and Online Reviewers, AGILE: GIScience Series, 3(50), 1-7.

https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-50-2022

Pachucki, C., Grohs, R., & Scholl, U. (2022). Is nothing like before? COVID-19-evoked changes to tourism destination social media communication. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 23, 100692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100692.

Papastathopoulos, A., Koritos, C., & Beneki, C. (2023). Effects of COVID-19 induced non-pharmaceutical interventions on hotel room prices: A comprehensive hedonic pricing study across nine countries. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.018.

Papatheodorou, A. (2002). Exploring competitiveness in Mediterranean resorts, Tourism Economics, 8(2), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101298034.

Park, I. J., Kim, J., Kim, S., Lee, J. C., & Giroux, M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travelers' preference for crowded versus non-crowded options. Tourism Management, 87, 104398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104398.

Park, S., Yin,Y. & Son, B. (2019). Understanding of online hotel booking process: A multiple method approach, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 25(3), 334-348.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766718778879

Pasquinelli, C., & Trunfio, M. (2021). The missing link between overtourism and post-pandemic tourism. Framing Twitter debate on the Italian tourism crisis. Journal of Place Management and Development. 15(3), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-07-2020-0073.

Peng, Y. T., Chang, T., Ranjbar, o., & Li, F. (2022). Measuring the persistence degree of shocks to the US tourism markets: new evidence for COVID-19 pandemic period. Applied Economics Letters, 2138254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2138254.

Piga, C. A., Abrate, G., Viglia, G., & De Canio, F. (2022). How the hospitality industry reacts to COVID 19: structural, managerial and tactical factors. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 21, 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-021-00359-2.

Piriyapornsiri, J., Channgam, S., Chanda, K., Kilaso, S., & Chareanboon, P. (2022). Adaptation in Technology and Marketing of Hotel Business Survival in Thailand during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 7194-7207. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/4431.

Poretti, C., & Heo, C. Y. (2022). COVID-19 and firm value drivers in the tourism industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103433.

Psycharis, Y., Kallioras, D. & Pantazis, P. (2014) Economic crisis and regional resilience: detecting the 'geographical footprint' of economic crisis in Greece, Regional Science. Policy and Practice, 6(2), 121-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12032.

Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rastegar, R., & Hall, M. (2021). Destination image during the COVID-19 pandemic and future travel behavior: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100620.

Richards, T. Liaukonyte, J. & Streletskaya, N. A. (2016). Personalized pricing and price fairness. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 44, 138-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.11.004.

Rivera, J. & Pastor, R. (2020). ¿Hacia un turismo más sostenible tras el Covid-19? Percepción de las agencias de viajes españolas, Gran Tour: Revista de Investigaciones Turísticas, 21, 206-229.

Rogerson, C. M. & Rogerson, J. M. (2020). Covid-19 tourism impacts in South Africa: Government and industry responses, GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 31(3), 1083-1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.31321-544.

Rogerson, C. M. & Rogerson, J. M. (2022). Historical turning points in tourism: The stablishment of the Hotel Board in South Africa, Tourism Review International, 26, 41-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16245632411917.

Salanti, A., Malighetti, P., & Redondi, R. (2012). Low-cost pricing strategies in leisure markets. Tourism Management, 33, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.003.

Sánchez, F. J., & Sánchez, A M. (2022). Segmentación y caracterización regional de destinos turísticos en España: enfoque del turismo local y extranjero. Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico, 29(2), 156-193. https://doi.org/10.53596/jta.v29i2.426.

Selmi, N. (2010). Effects of Culture and Service Sector on Customers' Perceptions of the Practice of Yield Management. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(1), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v2n1p245.

Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A., & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786.

Shi, F., Da Shi, D., Weaver, D., & Samaniego, C. E. (2021). Adapt to not just survive but thrive: resilience strategies of five-star hotels at difficult times. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(9), 2886-2906. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2020-1194.

Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015.

Sorensen, J. B. (2002). The Use and Misuse of the Coefficient of Variation in Organizational Demography Research. Sociologial Methods & Research, 30(4), 475-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124102030004001.

Tobón, L. N., Urquía, E., & Cano, E. I. (2022). Economic and Organizational Impact of COVID-19 on Colombia's Tourism Sector. Sustainability, 14(20), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013350.

Ugurlu, K., Akay, B., & Demirel, S. (2022). The effect of COVID-19 on operating costs: the perspective of hotel managers in Antalya, Turkey, Tourism & Management Studies, 18(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2022.180102.

Valls, A., Gibert, K., Orellana, A., & Anton, S. (2018). Using ontology-based clustering to understand the push and pull factors for British tourists visiting a Mediterranean coastal destination. Information & Management, 55, 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2017.05.002.

Vangel, M. G. (1996). Confidence intervals for a normal coefficient of variation. The American Statistician, 50(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/2685039.

West, R. M. (2021). Best practice in statistics: Use the Welch t-test when testing the difference between two groups. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 58(4), 267-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563221992088.

Williams, A. T., Micallef, A., Anfuso, G., & Gallego, J. (2012). Andalusia, Spain: An Assessment of Coastal Scenery. Landscape Research, 37(3), 327-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2011.590586.

World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) (2022) Economic Impact Reports. https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact.

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2022). UNWTO Tourism Dashboard. International Tourist Arrivals. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/international-tourism-and-covid-19.

Wu, F., Zhang, Q., Law, R., & Zheng, T. (2020). Fluctuations in Hong Kong Hotel Industry Room Rates under the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: Evidence from Big Data on OTA Channels. Sustainability, 12(18), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187709.

Xu, X., Wang, X., Li, Y., & Haghighi, M. (2017). Business intelligence in online customer textual reviews: Understanding consumer perceptions and influential factors. International Journal of Information Management, 37, 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.06.004.

Ye, X., Fu, Y. K., Wang, H., & Zhou, J. (2023). Information asymmetry evaluation in hotel E-commerce market: Dynamics and pricing strategy under pandemic. Information Processing and Management, 60, 103117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103117.

Zaki, K. (2022). Implementing dynamic revenue management in hotels during Covid-19: value stream and wavelet coherence perspectives, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(5), 1768-1795. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2021-1043.

Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic - A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164.

Published

2024-02-26

How to Cite

Cirer Costa, J. C. (2024). Continuity or change after Covid-19 in tourism in Ibiza and Formentera. Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.46661/rev.metodoscuant.econ.empresa.8115

Issue

Section

Articles