Islam, Pluralismo y Política
Keywords:
Islam, democracia, fundamentalismo, al-Qaeda, pluralismo, democracy, fundamentalism, pluralismAbstract
Al afrontar el tema de la democratización en los países musulmanes, el pluralismo político en el mundo islámico se revela como una preocupación característica. Aunque algunos académicos sostienen que existen factores inherentes en el Islam que imposibilitan la democracia, otros mantienen que nada en el Islam implica que los países musulmanes deban carecer de credenciales democráticas. Este ensayo defiende que los países musulmanes poseen, desde antaño, pocas características estructurales conducentes a la democratización y a la democracia. Las dos décadas de la tercera ola de la democracia, de mediados de los 70 a mediados de los 90, no alteraron sustancialmente esta situación, aunque se produjeron algunas señales de liberalización política y democratización en varios países musulmanes, incluyendo a Turquía, Indonesia, Jordania y Kuwait. A fin de explicar la heterogénea imagen que, en términos de pluralismo y democracia, ofrece el mundo musulmán, el presente artículo señala a la importancia de una combinación de factores, tanto internos como externos, (incluyendo la influencia de la política exterior de EE.UU. y de al-Qaeda), sobre las sociedades musulmanas mediante el estudio del caso de las actividades de al-Qaeda en Kenia.
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The issue of political pluralism in the Islamic world is a defining concern when addressing the wider issue of democracy among Muslim countries. While some scholars contend that there are inherent factors within Islam that deny the possibility of democracy, others contend that there is nothing within Islam that means that Muslim countries will inevitably have a lack of democratic credentials. The article argues that Muslim countries have few structural characteristics conducive to both democratisation and democracy and that things have been that way for a long time. This situation did not fundamentally change during the two decades of the third wave of democracy, from the mid- 1970s to mid-1990s, although during this time there were some signs of political liberalisation and democratisation in some Muslim countries, including Turkey, Indonesia, Jordan and Kuwait. To explain the varying picture regarding pluralism and democracy in the Muslim world, the article points to a the importance of a combination of both internal and external factors, including the influence of US foreign policy and of al-Qaeda on Muslim societies, with a case study of al-Qaedas activities in Kenya.
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